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In carrying out these policies, Zhang Aiping led 100–member naval troops on board Guangzhou and other vessels for training in 1950 in order to regularise the nascent training methods. Most of the instructors of these classes, on the one hand, have to work as commanders of vessels, and on the other, they have to teach in these schools. In this period, a total of about 130 batches of students and cadres numbering about 8,394 were trained in such activities. Professional short–term courses: From the 1950≥3 period, the east and south–west naval military districts in cooperation with the Qingdao naval base trained army personnel in naval warfare.

Xianyong xianjiao xianxue, houyong houjiao houxue, shaoyong shaojiao shaoxue buyong bujiao buxue.Training on surface vessel had two facets: 5 The training programme on surface vessels had the following main points: 4 As a result, the early training programme of the PLAN, in 1950, was compelled to accommodate several handicaps and adopt certain emergency measures of combining training with actual fighting. 3 In what was termed as the contradiction between men and techniques, this period witnessed several measures to cope with the lacunae in the navy. Elaborate and regular training procedures, regulations, and so on, were largely absent in this period. 2 In the formative period of the PLAN, as a result of internal civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists, naval training formed a part of the fighting process. Oceanic training was almost unheard of in this period. Hence, for the most part, training of the naval personnel was carried out along the banks of inland rivers. 1 Repeated attacks on the coastal areas by the Nationalists from Taiwan proved detrimental to any full–scale sea training programme. In the early years of the republic, the training of the naval personnel was, at the most, rudimentary. The transition from recruiting army personnel and modifying them into naval personnel at the beginning of the history of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), from changing these naval personnel into a professional corps with regular organisational education and training methods, has been significant. In the last five decades, the naval training programme of China has undergone several important changes in its policy, method, content and organisation of training. A Monthly Journal of the IDSA November 1999 (Vol.